What are the causes of kidney failure

Speaking of renal failure may be a lot of people will be very afraid, because we live in the surrounding some families may have lost their lives because of kidney failure, so we for such diseases are very panic, which should encourage more people to know more about basic knowledge of renal disease, let's look at what a reason renal disease caused by?
Cause of renal failure in patients with acute tubular necrosis varied, can be summarized into two categories:
A renal toxicity to the kidney toxic substances, such as sulfa drugs, carbon tetrachloride, mercury agents, bismuth, dichloro-sulfamethoxazole (dichlorphenamide); polymyxin antibiotics, vancomycin, kanamycin Su, gentamicin, neomycin Pioneer Ⅰ, cephalosporin Ⅱ, neomycin, amphotericin B, and the iodine contrast agent, methoxy halothane anesthetics; biological toxins such as snake venom, bee venom, fish, mushroom, cantharidin (Cantharidin), can cause acute tubular necrosis, under certain conditions.
Second, severe renal ischemia and renal ischemia such as severe trauma, extensive burns, major surgery, massive blood loss, obstetric hemorrhage, severe infections, sepsis, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, particularly with shock who are easily lead to acute tubular necrosis.
In addition, intravascular hemolysis (eg blackwater fever, primaquine-induced hemolysis, bean disease, ABO blood transfusion, the oxidation of arsenic poisoning) released from hemoglobin, as well as muscle mass trauma (such as crush injuries, muscle inflammation) when myoglobin, by renal excretion, renal tubular damage may cause acute tubular necrosis. Hereditary nephropathy: as polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome.
Specific pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis, is not yet fully understood. It is related to the occurrence of the following:
① extremely reduced glomerular filtration rate (often in 5ml / min or less, most only 1-2ml / min) generation mechanism may be due to various causes tubular preceding ischemia or intoxication, renal tubular epithelial cell injury occurs so that the proximal tubule reabsorption of sodium reduction, so that the original urine sodium, increase the amount of water. When it flows through the distal convoluted tubule macula densa, juxtaglomerular stimulation (juxtaglomerularapparatus) release of renin, angiotensin Ⅱ so that increased activity in the kidney, causing contraction of glomerular small artery spasm, leading to glomerular especially in the outer cortical blood flow decreased glomerular, filtration rate is extremely reduced.
② tubule lumen obstruction after injured necrosis, loss of renal tubular epithelial cells and inflammatory exudate, blood (muscle) red protein, forming clumps and tube, blocking the lumen, so that the original dirty urine is blocked, thus oliguria; on the other hand lumen urine swelling, will increase pressure on the kidney, the glomerular filtration rate decline further.

③ renal tubular wall rupture, the original urine spill. After the injured tubules, wall rupture, the original urine tube to tube overflow, thus oliguria; while renal interstitial edema caused by increased pressure on the kidney, the glomerular filtration rate.