Urine protein in urine is how ? What is the clinical significance ? In
clinical urine can not be ignored a preliminary examination, a lot of early
kidney disease can occur in proteinuria or urinary sediment visible components .
Once urinary abnormalities , often the first indication of kidney or urinary
tract disease , often also provide important clues to the nature of the
pathological process . In recent years, many people have stressed that doctors
should be responsible for do -it-yourself urine routine examination , doctors
found that in general is beneficial for kidney disease diagnosis .
Urine routine examination content : Urine routine examination including urine
color, transparency , pH , protein , leukocytes, epithelial cells, casts ,
erythrocytes, and urine specific gravity qualitatively .
( 1 ) Urine color: normal color of urine, the urine is mainly caused by the
pigment , the daily excretion of large body is constant , so the depth of the
urine with urine color changes . Normal urine was straw yellow , the color may
be due to abnormal urine food , drug , dye , such as blood factors.
( 2 ) Transparency : normal fresh urine , unless the urine of women slightly
cloudy seen , the majority is clear and transparent , if placed too long slight
turbidity occurs , which is due to changes in the pH of urine , mucus protein in
the urine , nucleoprotein and so gradually precipitated the rules.
( 3 ) pH : normal urine is acidic, neutral or may be alkaline, the pH of the
urine in the diet depends largely on the type, the type of disease , and
medications .
( 4 ) Protein: Protein is generally considered normal daily discharge mass 40
to 80 mg , up to 100 to 150 mg, conventional qualitative test was negative.
Pathological proteinuria seen in glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, acute renal
failure , hypertension, kidney disease , diabetes, kidney disease, toxemia of
pregnancy , lupus nephritis, radiation nephritis and other inflammatory renal
disease , poisoning , cancer and so on.
( 5 ) Tube Type : Normal urine contains only a trace amount of albumin,
without tube, or occasionally a small transparent tube . If a tube appears in
the urine , can reflect at least a nephron , is a sign of kidney disease, has
important implications for diagnosis.
( 6 ) Cell: the clinical significance of urine cell erythrocytes , leukocytes
and epithelial cells of the small circle . ① red blood cells. Normal urine may
occasionally red blood cells, after centrifugation per high-power field not more
than three . If large amounts of red blood cells appear in urine , the kidneys
may be due to bleeding , urinary tract bleeding , kidney congestion and other
reasons. Strenuous exercise and blood circulation disorders can also lead to
increased glomerular permeability , and the emergence of protein and red blood
cells in the urine. ② leukocytes. There are a small number of white blood cells
in the urine of normal existence , centrifugation of urine per high-power field
no more than five . Abnormal urine contains large amounts of white blood cells ,
which means that there is suppurative disease of the urinary tract , such as
pyelonephritis , cystitis and urethritis. ③ small round epithelial cells. Normal
urine , can sometimes be found steatosis few small round epithelial cells. If
glomerular nephritis , urine epithelial cells increased . If renal tubular
lesions , there may be many small round epithelial cells.
( 7 ) Specific gravity: urine specific gravity between about 1.015 ~ 1.025 ,
low infant's urine specific gravity , specific gravity by age , water intake and
affect sweating . Specific gravity level , depending on the concentration of
kidney function , so the determination of specific gravity can be used as one of
renal function tests .
( 8 ) qualitative urine : You can trace glucose within normal urine, the
daily urinary sugar content of 0.1 to 0.3 g , the maximum not more than 0.9
grams , qualitative test was negative. Positive urine common in renal diabetes ,
hyperthyroidism, diabetes and other diseases .
Urine volume (Vol)
Urine test results analysis:
Check the amount of urine
Under normal circumstances a normal adult day and night ( 24 hours )
urination O.8 ~ 2.0 liters. However, water intake , exercise, sweat , urine
output temperature can be affected
Overnight urine > 2500 ml of urine, < 400 ml of oliguria < 100 ml of
urine completely or completely within 12 hours to urinate , such as nocturia
volume > 500 ml , urine specific gravity < 1.018 to increase the amount of
nocturnal
Urine color (Col)
Check urine color
Normal urine is pale yellow to brown. Often affected by diet, exercise ,
sweating and other effects
Diabetes insipidus , diabetes patients more urine almost colorless ;
hepatocellular jaundice, see orange or yellow , that tangled bilirubin in urine
obstructive jaundice, but if taking riboflavin , complex Vit B, furans drugs
also dark yellow , should be above bilirubinuria difference ; urinary tract
tumors, stones , trauma , or acute inflammation and tuberculosis ( such as acute
cystitis ) hematuria , the appearance of red , visible under a microscope, a
large number of red blood cells, a large number of white blood cells in urine
appears , microorganisms, or when there are a large number of epithelial cells
and amorphous phosphates to urate milky color . In addition, the visible color
of soy sauce , red wine color , dark brown and other colors urine, except for
the influence of drugs , it is recommended to the hospital for further
examination
Transparency (Clr)
Examination of urine dialysis transparency
Fresh urinary crystal clear no precipitation . Place for some time, there may
be flocculent precipitate , especially female urinary
When urine that is cloudy , often due to leukocytes, epithelial cells, mucus
, microbes and other causes, the need for microscopic examination to be
identified, few patients urinary Africa crystalline phosphate precipitation ,
cloudy urine also , there was no clinical significance
Specific Gravity (SG)
Check the specific gravity of the urine
Normal 24-hour urine specific gravity of about 1.015 . Often in 1.010 ~ 1.025
fluctuations due to diet, exercise , sweating and other effects . Random
fluctuation range of specific gravity 1.005 to 1.030 .
24 hours mixed urine specific gravity increased when seen in high fever
dehydration, acute glomerulonephritis, cardiac insufficiency. Proteinuria and
diabetes also increased urine specific gravity . 24 hours mixed urine specific
gravity is lowered diabetes insipidus , chronic nephritis, renal dysfunction
concentration seen . Determination of any one random urine, urine protein and no
sugar , the proportion of ≥ 1.025, indicates normal kidney function concentrated
, diluted gravity ≤ 1.005 indicates kidney function is normal, such as fixed at
about l.010, called isotonic urine. Was affected by renal parenchyma loss of
kidney function due to reduced concentration and dilution
Acid-base reaction (pH)
Check the urine acid-base reaction
Normal fresh urine is acidic, so pH6.O, due to the impact of food , pH often
fluctuates between 5.O ~ 8.O
In the heat of sexually transmitted diseases , profuse sweating , when
proteolytic strong, especially when acidosis, strongly acidic urine acidity , pH
decline , taking ammonium chloride, calcium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid
and other drugs, was also found in urine acidity . Alkalosis , mixed with a lot
of pus in the urine when blood, taking Minnesota and other basic drugs , the
urine is alkaline , pH rises
Urinary white blood cells ( granulocytes lipase LEU)
Bacterial infections of the urinary system indicators
Qualitative test : negative
Anomalies suggest the possibility of urinary tract infections
Urinary nitrite (NIT)
Bacterial urinary tract infection screening index
Qualitative test : negative
Normal urine contains nitrates. Reduction by bacteria ( mainly
Enterobacteriaceae ) together . Therefore, when urinary tract infection (e.g.,
cystitis , pyelonephritis ) can be positive , since the Enterobacteriaceae (
such as E. coli Greek , Proteus, etc. ) is a common bacterial urinary tract
infection , it is often used as this examination of urine Road infection
screening test
Urine protein (PRO)
Urine protein examination kidney disease diagnosis, treatment , prognosis of
the important indicators of
Qualitative test : negative
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